LSD and Psilocybin Research

BROWSE LSD / PSILOCYBIN RESEARCH INFORMATION:

> LSD-assisted Psychotherapy Research in Switzerland
> LSD & Psilocybin Research for Cluster Headache Treatment
> LSD & Psilocybin News & Progress Reports
> Research Documents and Resources
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LSD-assisted Psychotherapy Research in Switzerland

MAPS and Dr. Peter Gasser have signed a Memorandum of Understanding about our working together on the design of a study to investigate LSD-assisted psychotherapy in 12 subjects suffering from anxiety associated with advanced-stage cancer and other life-threatening illnesses. Dr. Gasser's MAPS-sponsored study, the first to evaluate LSD's therapeutic applications in over 35 years, will enroll the first subject in April 2008.

The study received final approval from the BAG (Swiss DEA) on December 5, 2007, final approval from the Ethics Committee (Swiss IRB equivalent) on October 30, 2007 and SwissMedic (Swiss FDA equivalent) clearance on November 8, 2007.

Dr. Gasser's study will complement Dr. John Halpern's MAPS-initiated research investigating MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in advanced-stage cancer patients with anxiety, Dr. Charles Grob's Heffter-sponsored research investigating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in cancer patients with anxiety, and a MAPS-sponsored psilocybin/cancer anxiety study still in the approval process to be conducted by Sameet Kumar, Ph.D..

Dr. Gasser's protocol is for a preliminary 12 patient, double-blind study designed to gather basic information on safety and efficacy for this patient population. This study will also be used to guide in the development of our treatment approach. Though there has been substantial prior research with LSD in cancer patients that demonstrated safety and some degree of efficacy, that research was conducted over 35 years ago. In order to generate data that will be accepted by today's regulatory agencies, new protocols must meet modern drug development standards. Research must start from scratch and build carefully.

Dr. Gasser's MAPS-sponsored study will cost an estimated $225,000, of which $125,000 has already been raised with another $100,000 remaining to be donated. Generous donations have been made by Robert Barnhart ($75,000), Kevin Herbert ($18,750), Vanja Palmers ($10,000), Fredi Muller (10,000 SF), Amanda Fielding (5000 Euros), Anonymous ($5,000). The Swiss Medical Association for Psycholytic Therapy (SAEPT) and the Beckley Foundation are co-sponsors of this study, with SAEPT offering tax-deductions for Swiss donors (SAEPT C/O Dr. Peter Gasser Hauptbahnhofstrasse 5 CH-4500 Solothurn SWITZERLAND Tel. 032 622 40 20) and the Beckley Foundation able to offer tax-deductions to British donors (The Beckley Foundation Beckley Park Oxford OX3 9SY England p. +44 (0) 1865 351 209 info@beckleyfoundation.org). As always, MAPS can offer tax-deductions to US taxpayers.

Here are a variety of study costs that you can support. Sponsor One Subject, all associated costs–$18,750; Sponsor One LSD Experimental Session, all associated costs –$7,000; One LSD Experimental Session, therapist time only – $2,300 ; All Non-Drug Psychotherapy sessions, each subject –$1,350; Independent Rater, each subject –$450; One Non-Drug Psychotherapy Session – $225 ; Medical Exam, each subject -$150.

Let's make psychedelic history together and help people reduce their anxiety associated with end-of-life issues.

 
LSD & Psilocybin Research for Cluster Headache Treatment
MAPS is developing research into the use of psilocybin and LSD in the treatment of cluster headaches. Cluster headaches are a rare, severely painful form of headache that is related to but different from the more common migraine. Dr. Peter Goadsby, the world's leading researcher on cluster headaches, has commented, "The pain of a cluster headache is worse than natural childbirth or even amputation without anesthetic." The pain of a cluster headache commences quickly, without warning, and reaches a crescendo within 2 to 15 minutes. It is often excruciating in intensity, and is deep, nonfluctuating, and explosive in quality. People may have episodic or chronic cluster headaches; currently, this research focuses on episodic cluster headaches. Episodic cluster headaches occur periodically, often occurring at the same time each year. During a cycle, a person with episodic cluster headaches will experience an average of one to three headaches per day, with frequency ranging from one headache every other day to eight per day.

Conventional treatments include treatments for stopping headache pain as it occurs (abortives), and treatments that reduce the occurrence or re-occurrence of cluster headaches (prophylaxis). Abortive treatments include Imitrex (sumatriptan) and other triptans, non-psychedelic ergotamines, and pure oxygen, and prophylaxes include the ergotamine methysergide, lithium (used to treat bipolar affective disorder) and calcium channel blockers (medication used to treat high blood pressure). Up to 30% of people with cluster headaches cannot prevent headaches from occurring with conventional prophylactic treatments, and because there are limits on the number of daily doses of triptans for treating headaches as they occur, some people may not be able to stop every headache they have once it occurs. As well, use of abortive and preventive medications has risks (for instance, a monthly blood test for serum lithium levels is required when taking lithium), and some cluster headache sufferers report that prophylaxes can "wear out" over time.

Case reports suggest that ingesting psilocybin (as through psilocybin-containing mushrooms) or LSD can reduce cluster headache pain and, more significantly, can inerrupt cluster headache cycles so that no more headaches will occur. MAPS is supporting John Halpern MD and Andrew Sewell MD in analyzing and organizing responses to a questionnaire posted on www.clusterbusters.com, an organization run by and for people with cluster headaches and supporting the use of psilocybin, LSD and other related substances as treatments for cluster headaches. A survey is also on the Vaults of Erowid for people who have used psychedelics in the treatment of cluster headaches and migraines. Data from both surveys will be used by John H. Halpern MD and Andrew Sewell MD in developing a research study directly investigating psilocybin and LSD as a potential abortive and prophylactic (cycle-interrupting) treatment for cluster headaches. Initially, this research will focus on studying people with episodic cluster headaches; future research may include people with episodic and chronic cluster headaches.

Drs. Halpern and Sewell are currently developing a randomized, dose-response study of psilocybin and LSD in people with episodic cluster headaches. If approved by the McLean IRB and the FDA, this research study will take place at McLean Hospital, a psychiatric facility and research hospital affiliated with Harvard Medical School. The investigators are currently working on designing a pilot study wherein people will be assigned to receive low or higher doses of psilocybin or LSD to see whether these substances will interrupt an ongoing cluster headache cycle. If study results are promising, then further research studies will be designed and conducted. We hope that this research program will lead to psilocybin and LSD becoming legal, prescription treatments for the interruption of cluster headaches and cluster headache cycles.

Currently, there is no legal research with LSD in humans taking place in the world, and we hope that this will be the first study to renew human research with LSD.

Marsha and David Weil have donated $50,000 for this research effort, Joseph Leonard has donated $2,000 and the Organization for Understanding Cluster Headache (OUCH) has donated $1000. An estimated $107,000 in addition is being sought to support this clinical trial.

Donations to support research on psilocybin and LSD as cluster headache treatments are needed, MAPS will allocate 100% of any donation specifically restricted to this study. People who donate $100.00 or more to the Cluster Headache Research project at Harvard Medical School can receive necklace, featuring a mushroom-shaped pendant. To receive a a free necklace, make a donation here at MAPS and write Clusterbusters to confirm the donation, along with information on your shipping address. People can also help support this research by purchasing a necklace directly from Clusterbusters. Visit the ClusterBusters website for more details.

 
News and progress reports

July 2, 2008. A web exclusive piece published online by Newsweek discusses Griffiths' psilocybin research and his piece containing guidelines for human research with psychedelic compounds, relating it to the history and future of human stuides with psychedelic compounds.

July 1, 2008. Roland Griffiths and his study of psilocybin have made the news again, as recounted in this Associated Press news report, with the appearance of a 14-month follow-up to his original study that reported mystical experiences after psilocybin, but not methylphenidate. In the follow-up, people continue to say their experiences with psilocybin were some of the most meaningful in their lives.

  Wired just published a story on Roland Griffiths' recently published 14-month follow-up to his initial human psilocybin study, and discusses another paper that he and collaborators M Johnson and W Richards publish in the same journal that presents guidelines for conducting research with high doses of psychedelic compounds, a report Griffiths describes in the Wired story as possibly the more important of the two papers.

  CNN News produced a segment discussing Griffiths' follow-up research.

December 5, 2007. Dr. Peter Gasser's MAPS-sponsored study evaluating LSD-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with anxiety secondary to advanced-stage illness received final approval from the BAG (Swiss DEA) on December 5, Ethics Committee (Swiss IRB equivalent) approval on October 30 and SwissMedic (Swiss FDA equivalent) clearance on November 8. This study -- the first to evaluate LSD's therapeutic applications in over 35 years -- will be initiated in early 2008.

November 7, 2007. In September, MAPS submitted an application to FDA for a new study evaluating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with end-of-life anxiety secondary to advanced-stage melanoma. On October 18, we learned that the study will receive clearance from FDA, with only one clinical hold due to a request from FDA for a stability study of the psilocybin. The study was conducted earlier this month, and the results showed that the psilocybin is 100% pure. The results will be submitted to FDA soon. Earlier this month, we also submitted the protocol to an IRB, where it is currently under review.

October 30, 2007. MAPS President Rick Doblin, PhD, spoke at the second annual Clusterbusters conference in Austin, Texas, held from October 26-28. At a Clusterbusters business meeting after the conference, MAPS donated $26,000 to Clusterbusters for the protocol development and approval process for LSD/psilocybin cluster headache research. Clusterbusters and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, have entered into an agreement calling for Clusterbusters to cover expenses related to protocol development and FDA, IRB and DEA approval for studies at McLean into the use of LSD and psilocybin in the treatment of cluster headaches. MAPS' donation will further Clusterbusters' funding of its contract with McLean Hospital. Dr. John Halpern is leading the LSD/psilocybin cluster headache research effort at McLean Hospital.

MAPS raised these funds in 2005 from the sale of Dean Chamberlain's signed and numbered prints (1 -50) of his portrait of Albert Hofmann, at which time our only active project intending to study LSD and psilocybin was the cluster headache research. MAPS currently has for sale a larger and more limited edition (1-25) set of prints of Dean's portrait of Albert, also signed by Albert, with funds from those sales going to support MAPS-sponsored LSD and psilocybin psychotherapy research in people with anxiety associated with end-of-life issues.

October 29, 2007. London's Guardian published an article about a consulting survey of the British public finding that Albert Hofmann, PhD, shares the top spot for #1 as the person considered to be the greatest living genius. Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who is best known for synthesizing LSD, shares the top spot with British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee, and surprisingly ranks ahead of Stephen Hawking (#7), Nelson Mandela (#5), Matt Groening (#4) and George Soros (#3). Click here to read "Sheer Genius: From the Web to Homer Simpson." In 2006, MAPS published a new edition of Hofmann's long-out-of-print autobiographical book, LSD: My Problem Child. MAPS is also raising funds for LSD and psilocybin research by selling books and visionary artwork signed by Albert Hofmann. For details and more information, please visit the MAPS Webstore.

September 18, 2007. A major Swiss TV news report was broadcast earlier this month about Dr. Peter Gasser's MAPS-sponsored study evaluating LSD-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with end-of-life anxiety secondary to end-stage illness. The report includes a new interview with Albert Hofmann, who rarely speaks publicly due to his fragile health. Click here to watch the broadcast (in German, translation in process) on the MAPS site.

Dr. Gasser's protocol will be reviewed again on November 8 by the Swiss Ethics Committee (EC). The EC is reviewing a report about the protocol from a Swiss psychooncologist who raised issues about patient selection (cancer patients v. patients with a range of life-threatening illnesses) and the possibility of measuring any acute traumatic effects of the LSD experience. We expect that this meeting of the EC will resolve the final issues regarding protocol design.

The protocol has already been submitted to SwissMedic, the Swiss equivalent of the FDA. SwissMedic has begun its review and is waiting to consider the outcome of the EC meeting in November. After EC and Swissmedic approval have been obtained, we expect we'll need an additional several weeks to obtain final approval from the BAG, the Swiss equivalent of DEA. We expect the study to be fully approved by January11, 2008, Albert Hofmann's 102nd Birthday.

September 17, 2007. Later this week, MAPS will submit an application to FDA this week for a new study evaluating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with end-of-life anxiety secondary to advanced-stage melanoma. The study will take place in the US and will evaluate nine subjects with anxiety secondary to advanced-stage melanoma. MAPS has been working with the researchers on protocol development for over one year. The protocol was submitted last month to FDA and to an IRB, with the review currently in process. We will be able to post the protocol on the MAPS Website and disclose the names and institutional affiliations of the researchers after the study receives IRB and FDA approval. The researchers for this study have generously offered to volunteer their time, which will reduce overall costs significantly. The estimated budget for this study is $50,000, all of which remains to be raised.

September 12, 2007. A major Swiss TV news report was broadcast earlier this month about Dr. Peter Gasser's MAPS-sponsored study evaluating LSD-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with end-of-life anxiety secondary to end-stage illness. The report includes a new interview with Albert Hofmann, who rarely speaks publicly due to his fragile health. Click here to watch the broadcast (in German) on the MAPS site. To follow the interview in English, we've posted an English-language transcript online.

  Chemistry World's monthly podcast about medical research evaluating psychedelics features interviews with MAPS President Rick Doblin, PhD, and researcher John Halpern, MD.

July 13, 2007. Yesterday, Peter Gasser, MD, received final approval from the Ethics Committee (Swiss IRB equivalent) for a MAPS-sponsored study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LSD-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with end-of-life anxiety secondary to life-threatening illness. Dr. Gasser originally submitted his protocol on January 10, 2007, received conditional approval in March, and has been working closely with the Ethics Committee in the meantime to refine the protocol design to address the committee's concerns. Today, July 13, Dr. Gasser submitted the protocol to SwissMedic, the Swiss equivalent of FDA. Thankfully, like FDA, SwissMedic must respond to the application within 30 days.

Obtaining Ethics Committee approval is the first of three formal regulatory reviews for the protocol to obtain full government approval. After SwissMedic approves the study, Dr. Gasser will submit an application to the BAG (Swiss DEA) for a license to possess and administer the LSD to be used in the study. We were previously informed by a staff member at the BAG that its review process should take about a week, so we are still planning to begin the study by the Fall of 2007.

March 21, 2007. Dr. Peter Gasser submitted his protocol to the Swiss Ethics Committee on January 10, 2007, for a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LSD-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with end-of-life anxiety secondary to life-threatening illness. On March 19, we learned that Dr. Gasser had a promising discussion with the Chair of the Ethics Committee (Swiss IRB equivalent) about the design of his proposed MAPS-sponsored pilot study. Dr. Gasser was informed that the Ethics Committee had several concerns about the protocol design that would be expressed to him in writing before the end of April. He was also informed that these concerns were about how the study should be conducted, not about whether the study should be conducted. We'll soon have a clearer idea as to how the Ethics Committee thinks the protocol should be modified.

February 19, 2007. Cosmos magazine published an article about medical research with LSD.

December 28, 2006. Nature featured an article describing MAPS-sponsored efforts to initiate research with LSD and psilocybin to treat cluster headaches, a rare and painful condition that is difficult to treat.

December 11, 2006. Today's BBC News features an article describing Dr. Francisco Moreno's Heffter- and MAPS-sponsored research at the Univ. of Arizona-Tucson evaluating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as treatment for individuals suffering from treatment-resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Dr. Moreno recently published his findings in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

December 7, 2006. The Chronicle of Higher Education published the article "Researchers Explore New Visions for Hallucinogens." This article describes the current renaissance in psychedelic research, particularly Dr. Francisco Moreno's recently-published Heffter- and MAPS-sponsored study evaluating psilocybin as treatment for OCD. The article also discusses the recent psilocybin/mystical experience study at John Hopkins, and Dr. Charles Grob's ongoing Heffter' sponsored study at UCLA evaluating psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as treatment for individuals with anxiety disorders secondary to advanced-stage cancer.

November 6, 2006. The Spanish-language journal Revista de Neurologia published a case report of a man with chronic cluster headaches treating the condition with monthly sub-psychedelic doses of psilocybin-containing mushrooms.

October 16, 2006. The Globe and Mail published an editorial entitiled, "The LSD Treatment", describing a study just published in the journal Social History of Medicine about a long-term follow-up study on Dr. Humphrey Osmond's research treating alcoholics with LSD-assisted therapy.

September 13, 2006. The science journal Nature reported today on MAPS-initiated research at Harvard/Maclean Hospital investigating the efficacy of LSD and psilocybin to treat cluster headache. Click here to read "Dropping acid may help headaches."

August 16, 2006. Health Reporter Jim Ritter published in the Chicago Sun-Times today "Pain Sufferer Turns to 'Shrooms'." The article describes the use of psilocybin as a treatment for cluster headaches and MAPS-initiated research at Harvard/McLean Hospital investigating LSD and psilocybin as treatment for subjects with cluster headache.

August 15, 2006. In their "Newsdesk" section, the journal Lancet Neurology published "Hallucinogen Research Inspires Neurotheology," a report on developments in research with psychedelic compounds, such as ketamine or psilocybin. The piece contains comments from Roland Griffiths, John Halpern and Deborah Mash.

July 20, 2006. We're posting today a report about a very unusual death linked to LSD written on Oct. 2, 1982, by MAPS President Rick Doblin. We're making this public as part of MAPS' educational mission and as part of our mission to lead the way into research into the risks of psychedelics as well as the benefits. Coincidentally, on January 13, 2006, after a lecture Rick Doblin gave at the LSD conference in Basel held to honor Albert Hofmann on his 100th birthday, Rick was asked a question about a death linked to LSD. After some discussion, it turned out the question was about the same person as discussed in the report we are posting today.

July 11, 2006. On Tuesday, July 11, a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and Council on Spiritual Practices (CSP)-funded research team from John Hopkins University published in Psychopharmacology the first modern-day continuation of the Good Friday Experiment, finding that psilocybin is likely to induce spiritual experiences in most subjects. A former NIDA director and a former deputy director of ONDCP supported the results of the study in associated commentaries published with the article, but the current NIDA director issued a statement distancing NIDA from the study. Read about this amazing psychedelic research development as reported by the Economist, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, LA Times, and ABC News, which features a salient quote from MAPS President Rick Doblin.

June 28, 2006. Results of Dr. Andrew Sewell and Dr. John Halpern's interviews with people who reported attempting to treat their cluster headaches with psilocybin-containing mushrooms or LSD are now published in the journal Neurology. Their results are promising and lend support to embarking on further research into the therapeutic potential of these drugs.

April 14, 2006. A recently published editorial in the Lancet supports research into the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelic drugs and calls for a new legal structure that makes this research easier and less burdensome to conduct. The Lancet editorial was likely inspired by a commentary published in the British Journal of Psychiatry. This editorial was then covered by the British newspaper, the Guardian.

December 22, 2005. Dr. Andrew Sewell's and Dr. John Halpern's research into the use of LSD and psilocybin in the treatment of cluster headaches has reached a major milestone, in that Dr. Sewell's colleagues recently submitted a case report series for publication with data from over 50 subjects.

August 2, 2005. London's Guardian publishes a positive article by Mark Honigsbaum, "Headache sufferers flout new drug law- Calls for clinical trials and rethink of legislation as patients claim that magic mushrooms can relieve excruciating condition." MAPS' effort to sponsor research into the use of LSD and psilocybin in treating cluster headaches is favorably mentioned.

December 1, 2004. Currently Andrew Sewell and John Halpern are preparing a case series from responses to the clusterbusters surveys.

 
Research-related documents and resources
  1. Click here to access the investigator's brochure (or "IB") for psilocybin commissioned by MAPS and intended to be submitted to FDA and institutional review boards or ethics boards. The IB contains a review of psilocybin, its pharmacology, physiological and behavioral effects, history of and/or potential uses in medicine, and risks.
  2. Dr. Peter Gasser's Swiss LSD-assisted Psychotherapy/End of Life Anxiety Protocol submitted to ethics board on Jan 10, 2007 (PDF).
  3. Subjective Experiences During the LSD Training Session (PDF) An incredible document and one of the most amazing LSD trip reports ever, describing a telepathy experiment conducted by Dr. Walter Pahnke while subject Dr. Stan Grof was under the influence of LSD.
  4. www.clusterbusters.com
  5. Erowid survey "Treating cluster headaches and migraines with psychedelics"
  6. Clusterbusters survey for Cluster headache sufferers who have tried the psilocybin treatment"
  7. OUCH-Canada, an organization for cluster headache sufferers that includes a message board for discussing the treatment.
  8. A personal account of a woman who overcame her cigarette addition during an LSD experience.
  9. This clip,from the show House, shows Dr. House treating one of his cluster headache patients with magic mushrooms on national TV!
  10. A funny comic about LSD! in the form of a religious tract, this comic book was created by Jon Hanna in honor of Albert Hofmann's 100th birthday.